急性操作胁迫对四指马鲅幼鱼肝脏组织结构和氧化应激的影响

为探究急性操作胁迫对四指马鲅(Eleutheronema tetradactylum)幼鱼肝脏组织结构以及氧化应激的影响,该研究在离水操作胁迫后不同时间取样,观察肝脏显微结构的变化,并检测相关抗氧化酶活性。结果显示,随着离水胁迫时间的延长,肝脏组织损伤程度呈现先上升后下降的趋势,胁迫第24小时肝脏基本结构与对照组相似。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)有相同的变化趋势,胁迫后第2小时显著增加(P0.05)并达到最高值,然后开始下降,最后其值显著低于对照组(P0.05);丙二醛(MDA)含量在胁迫第2~第12小时呈现先升高后下降的变化趋势,第12小时后又有所上升;还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量胁迫2 h没有显著变化(P0.05),之后呈先下降后上升的趋势,但其含量仍显著低于对照组(P0.05);总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)胁迫第2小时显著上升(P0.05),之后下降,实验结束时显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结果表明离水操作胁迫对四指马鲅幼鱼肝脏组织结构以及抗氧化酶产生一定的影响,但随着胁迫时间的延长,其组织结构以及抗氧化能力都有一定的恢复趋势。     

Seasonal variations of immune parameters in the coelomic fluid of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus cultured in pond

In order to understand the effects of seasonal change on the immunity of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus cultured in pond, A. japonicus with body weight of 12.2 ± 4.5 g (sample A) and 32.6 ± 7.1 g (sample B), respectively, were collected monthly and randomly from a typical pond during a year cycle and employed for the evaluation of immunocompetence. Simultaneously, the environmental factors in the pond including water temperature, pH, salinity and dissolved oxygen (DO) were measured using a handheld multiparameter meter. The activities of acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lysozyme (LYZ), phenoloxidase (PO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the coelomic fluid were selected for the evaluation of A. japonicus immunocompetence and determined using biochemical methods. The results showed that in both samples, the activities of all determined enzymes had small values in winter and early spring, and LYZ, CAT and MPO activities also presented small values in summer, suggesting that pond‐cultured A. japonicus underwent immunosuppression twice during a year cycle, and the immunosuppression occurred in winter and early spring was more severe than that occurred in summer. In addition, most of the determined enzymes showed different variations between the two samples, and had significantly negative correlation with protein concentration, which was significantly and negatively correlated with water temperature, revealing that body weight and water temperature might have crucial effects on the immunity of A. japonicus cultured in pond.     

Effect of fish meal replacement by Chlorella meal with dietary cellulase addition on growth performance,digestive enzymatic activities,histology and myogenic genes’ expression for crucian carp Carassius auratus

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fish meal (FM) replacement by Chlorella meal (CM) with dietary cellulase supplementation on growth performance, digestive enzymatic activities, histology and myogenic genes’ expression in crucian carp Carassius auratus (initial body weight: 2.90 ± 0.02 g, mean ± SEM). Six isonitrogenous diets were formulated at two cellulase levels (0 and 2 g kg^?1). At each cellulase level, CM was added at three levels of 0, 533.1 and 710.8 g kg^?1 to substitute 0, 75 and 100% of dietary FM respectively. Each experimental diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups with 25 juvenile fish per fibreglass tank for 8 weeks. Dietary CM substitution significantly increased growth, feed utilization, amylase activity and the expression of Myod, Mrf4 and Myf5, but reduced the Myog expression. Dietary cellulase addition increased hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic index, lipase activity and the expression of Mrf4, but reduced trypsin activity and the expression of Myog and Myf5. Dietary CM substitution enlarged the cell size and also caused some karyopyknosis in liver. Our results showed that CM could totally replace FM in diets; dietary cellulase supplementation at the level of 2 g kg^?1 played a subtle role in improving growth and feed utilization for crucian carp.     

不同基质对西藏林芝地区杂交兰‘春蕙’品种光合和生理指标的影响

在西藏林芝地区,利用当地常见的腐熟牛粪和羊粪、柳树下采集的腐殖土、半腐熟的玉米和油菜秸秆以及碎石为材料,根据各种材料的特点设计出5个不同的基质配方,以单纯腐殖土作为对照,对杂交兰‘春蕙’品种进行盆栽试验。综合叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和干物质的积累量等指标来看,腐殖土∶碎石=3∶1是‘春蕙’品种更适宜的基质配方,可在西藏林芝地区推广应用。     

Biochemical defense responses of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) lines to Phytophthora capsici

A study on biochemical factors involved in black pepper defense response against Phytophthora capsici, was carried out in P. capsici susceptible (Sreekara) and resistant (04-P24, shows root resistance to the pathogen) black pepper lines. Seven important factors – change in membrane conductance, total phenols, orthodihydroxy (OD) phenols, lignin and defense related enzymes (peroxidase, β-1,3 glucanase and β-1,4 glucanase) – were studied under uninoculated and pathogen (P. capsici, isolate 06-04) inoculated condition to know the preformed and induced responses. The pathogen was inoculated (soil inoculation) and plants were observed for changes, at 24 h intervals for 10 days. On 8th day after inoculation symptoms started appearing on Sreekara and increased the severity till 10th day. Both root and stem samples were subjected for biochemical analysis. Of the factors analyzed, it was found that membrane conductance, OD phenol, lignin and peroxidase activity play significant role in root resistance to P. capsici in 04-P24. Light microscopy of the portion of root – where pathogen found attached – was also done.     

高温对20个鸡爪槭品种叶片形态和光合特性的影响

利用自然高温胁迫,研究了高温对20个鸡爪槭品种叶片形态、净光合速率、气孔导度、细胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率和气孔限制值等参数的影响及各参数间的相关性,并以耐热性指标隶属度进行评价。结果表明,20个鸡爪槭品种的耐热性存在明显的差异,d1118和c1116是耐热性最强的2个品种,经过自然高温处理没有出现热害症状,y1106、y1107和x1119耐热性最差,其余品种介于2者之间;多数品种经热处理后净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率下降显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01),水分利用效率提高显著(P0.05),表现出明显的气孔抑制;品种d1118高温处理与对照相比净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均显著增加,表现出极强的高温适应性;品种j1123高温条件下净光合速率下降,但仍保持较高的气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度,属于典型的非气孔抑制;高温引起的叶片热害症状与光合参数间不存在显著的相关性,但与蒸腾速率的相对变化值有显著(P0.05)的负相关。     

不同光质对马铃薯腋芽薯结薯特性及光合性能的影响

将“延薯4号”单叶节茎段转入白光、红光、蓝光、红蓝光（4:1）下,测定了腋芽薯结薯特性、蔗糖和淀粉含量及光合性能等指标。结果表明,蓝光处理腋芽薯形成最早,单薯重和结薯率最高;在腋芽薯形成过程中,叶片蔗糖含量、干物质含量、叶绿素a（Chla）、叶绿素b（Chlb）、净光合速率（P_n）、相对电子传递速率（ETR）、光化学猝灭系数（q_P）、实际量子产量（Y_PSⅡ）显著高于其他光质处理;红光处理叶片的蒸腾速率（T_r）、胞间二氧化碳浓度（C_i）、气孔导度（G_s）显著高于其他光质处理,蓝光处理最低;相同扦插时间叶片的潜在最大光能利用率（F_v/F_m）在不同光质处理间无显著性差异。基于上述结果,蓝光为诱导马铃薯单叶节茎段腋芽薯的理想人工光源。     

Digestive Enzyme Activity during Larval Development of Black Snook,Centropomus nigrescens

Black snook, Centropomus nigrescens, have been identified as a promising candidate for aquaculture although, like many of the Centropomid species, high mortality associated with early larval stages presents a significant bottleneck to their commercialization. The digestive capacity of black snook larvae throughout the first 37 d after hatch (d.a.h.) was evaluated by quantifying digestive enzyme activities using biochemical techniques. Results showed that black snook larvae have alkaline proteases at hatching, which are known to be important during the first days of feeding for digestion. Toward the end of the study, acid proteases concentration increased (37 d.a.h.). Enzymes for lipid digestion, pancreatic lipase and bile salt‐activated lipase, were already present in the larvae before exogenous feeding commenced, and their activity increased with age and growth (length). Intracellular digestion, measured as the activity of leucine‐alanine peptidase, was high early on (5 d.a.h.) and decreased as development progressed (next 32 d). In contrast, alkaline phosphatase activity was lowest at first feeding and subsequently increased with age. Overall patterns in enzyme activity suggest the possibility of live feed weaning before 32 d.a.h. if artificial diets can be properly balanced.     

极细链格孢激活蛋白对大豆光合特性、叶绿素荧光参数及产量的影响

为探讨激活蛋白对大豆生长、产量的影响,以大豆冀豆17为研究对象,利用光合仪与称重法测量了不同浓度极细链格孢激活蛋白(1,2,3,4,5,6μg/m L)处理后大豆的光合特性、叶绿素荧光参数及产量。结果表明,随着施用的极细链格孢激活蛋白浓度的增加,大豆叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、最大光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm)、有效量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(q P)呈先上升后下降的趋势。施用1,2,3,4μg/m L浓度的极细链格孢激活蛋白不仅提高了大豆叶绿素含量,而且增加了大豆叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率,同时还能提高叶绿素荧光的最大光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm)、有效量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(q P)。其中以3,4μg/m L浓度的处理效果最好。施用更高浓度的激活蛋白(5,6μg/m L),上述光合特性与叶绿素荧光促进效果下降或者消失。施用中浓度激活蛋白(3,4μg/m L)大豆产量增加了11.21%~14.76%。结果表明,喷洒合适浓度的极细链格孢激活蛋白是一种促进大豆增产的有效措施。